Mac|Life Terminal RSS Feed

Command Line That'll Send You to a Galaxy Far Far Away...

Roberto Baldwin — Wed, 03 Jun 2009 18:46:22 -0500

Sure the Command Line can be confusing and even a but scary, but every once in a while, it gives the world something magical with very little effort on the end user's part.

Started in July 1997, the ASCII version of Star Wars: A New Hope is a great way to kill time and remind yourself that if you put your mind to something, you can do anything.

To begin watching this text-based version of the second-best Star Wars movie launch the Terminal App: Utilities>Terminal

Copy and paste the below text into the Terminal window:

telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl

Hit Return.

Enjoy The magical world of Luke Skywalker.

The film stops at Princess Leia being rescued for now. Hopefully the film will be finished before 2012. Because we all know what happens then.

Rsync - Backup All Your Data With a Single Terminal Command

Jason Schroeder — Tue, 19 May 2009 18:37:20 -0500

A few years ago, I was faced with the daunting task of manually migrating information from one SAN to another SAN, without the luxury of having an automated migration system. Anyone who is dealing with terabytes of data has, at one time or another, faced having to archive, transfer, or backup thousands of files at once.

I was introduced to a command line program called rsync to accomplish this task. Little did I know this one utility would be a permanent part of my toolset when managing large amounts of data. If you can't copy all of your data in one session, and you need to break it up into several days (or weeks) of data copying, rsync's usefulness becomes all the more apparent.

Rsync is a command line program. There are GUI variants built on the CLI base, but for the most part, the execution of rsync is so simple you shouldn't need a GUI to use it. We are going to set up a basic local rsync to show its basic function.

1. Go into your Documents folder. Create a test folder called "Data" and another folder called "DataBackup". For the purposes of this test, put a few files in the "Data" folder that aren't very big. A few image files or documents should be fine.

For this basic exercise, we are going to assume your hard drive is named "Macintosh HD" and your user name is "Joe". Please treat these as placeholders when reviewing the following examples, and put your own information in as required.

Note: Spaces in the command line are handled with a \ preceding the space. For example: Macintosh HD = Macintosh\ HD

2. Navigate to Applications>Utilities>Terminal.app.

3. Type the following command:

rsync -avx --progress /Volumes/Macintosh\ HD/Users/Joe/Documents/Data/ /Volumes/Macintosh\ HD/Users/Joe/Documents/DataBackup/

You should see something similar to this as on output:

building file list ...
3 files to consider
./
Picture 1.png
      409559 100% 179.67MB/s    0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=1/3)
self_portrait_two_sides.jpg
     4721398 100%   15.74MB/s    0:00:00 (xfer#2, to-check=0/3)

sent 5131825 bytes received 70 bytes 10263790.00 bytes/sec
total size is 5130957 speedup is 1.00

--

Now, what exactly did rsync do? It would appear, by virtue of the output, that two files were simply copied. Actually, rsync parsed the source and the target folders, and copied over files that didn't exist on the target.

The real power of rsync is evident in my next execution. For this example, I added two more files to my "Data" folder, and ran the exact same rsync command:

building file list ...
5 files to consider
./
Army.jpg
       29993 100%    0.00kB/s    0:00:00 (xfer#1, to-check=3/5)
Manny375.jpg
       56776 100%   54.15MB/s    0:00:00 (xfer#2, to-check=2/5)

sent 87057 bytes received 70 bytes 174254.00 bytes/sec
total size is 5217726 speedup is 59.89

Notice how the number of files "to consider" increased, but only two additional files were copied? Rsync knew the other files were the same as the originals in my "Data" directory, so it did not take the time to copy them. Now that you have an idea of rsync's mechanisms, here is a breakdown of the command and how it was used in this example:

rsync [options] [source] [target]

The options I used in my example are the defaults I use for most of my rsyncing. Here is a breakdown of the options I used and how the affect the outcome of the rsync:

-a - "archive" rsync, includes ownership info and extended attributes extremely useful for moving large volumes of data and keeping AD/OD/POSIX permissions intact

-v - "verbose" gives the user more information on the rsync display

-x - prevents crossing filesystem boundaries

--progress - combined with the "-v" option, gives you the best in-terminal display of rsync's progress

---

Now that you've exposed yourself to a very basic rsync, here are a few tips to make using this software easier to use. Not only will these tips help you speed up your rsync use, some of them will help with you feeling comfortable on the command line overall.

First, rsync has an option that allows a "dry run", so that you can test an rsync execution without actually moving any data. By default I always include this option in my first run of an archive to make sure my directories in order. This option is:

-n - "test run", "dry run", shows output but doesn't actually copy anything

Very often this just translates to adding an "n" to your option string, so instead of typing

-avx

you will type

-avxn

The second tip for efficient command line execution of rsync is how your "Tab" key operates when typing out directory names. If you think you need to type out "/Volumes/Macintosh\ HD/Documents/blahbalhbalbhalbahaba" every single time, you are wrong! Here are a few CLI shortcuts to help you avoid excessive typing:

up arrow / down arrow - cycle through commands previously typed

TAB - autofill known directory names, for example, if I type "/Volu" and hit TAB the CLI will auto-fill the rest and display "/Volumes".

Lastly, spaces in command line directory names can be a little frustrating. Make use of the backslash to indicate where a space exists:

directory name: /Volumes/MacHD/Users/Joe/Stuff I Like/

is actually

directory name: /Volumes/MacHD/Users/Joe/Stuff\ I\ Like/

50 Things Every Mac Geek Should Know

Mac|Life Staff — Wed, 04 Mar 2009 06:01:09 -0600

Like a champion cyclist knows bike parts,a car buff knows model years, and a sports fan knows win-loss records, all Mac geeks worth the title must know these things.

Marketers and Madison Avenue operators like to reduce consumers to either/or “types”—paper or plastic, boxers or briefs, cotton or cashmere, Honda or Mercedes, Cristal or Bud--you get the idea. But what often fails to register in such a superficial worldview are the specific reasons behind what we choose when presented with a “this or that?” decision.

When it comes to computing, the question is Mac or Windows? And, as a Mac user, your allegiance to your platform of choice--as in marriage--isn’t entered into lightly. But once you renounce the Dark Side and join the growing legions of Mac enthusiasts, it’s not enough to maintain a casual connection to your Mac, iPhone, iPod, or Apple TV. The difference between a Mac user and a Mac geek isn’t just how attached you are to your Apple tech--or how often you publicly proclaim that attachment with logo T-shirts, “Think Different” bumper stickers, or by plastering everything you own with Apple logo stickers. Your level of geekitude depends on how deeply you strive to connect with your Mac and OS X--yeah, we know it sounds like psychobabble. The point, friends, is that being a Mac geek is distinguishable from being any other kind of tech geek, because although it helps to have some basic knowledge of technical geekery, like, say, the names of certain coding languages or the fact that Mac OS X is a Unix-type operating system, you need never have written or even seen a line of Unix code to join the ranks of Mac geekdom. All you need, really, is passion for your Apple gadgets--how you show it is up to you.

But to help give you the street cred--that is Mac knowledge--to back up the passion, we present the 50 things you really should know if you want to call yourself a Mac geek. If you’re a recent convert to the Way of the Mac, be sure you study this compendium so you can move up a few levels of geekitude. If you’re a longtime Mac geek, test your know-how against our list--and be sure to let us know what we missed by flaming us at editor@maclife.com.

1976 - 21-year-old Steve Jobs quits his job at Atari and persuades computer engineer Steve Wozniak to quit his job at Hewlett-Packard to start Apple Computer out of Jobs’ garage. On April 1, Jobs, Wozniak, and third founder, Ronald Wayne, introduce the first Apple computer, the Apple I personal computer kit, priced at $666.66.

1977 - Wayne sells his shares of the company back to Jobs and Woz for $800, and Apple Computer is incorporated on January 3 without him. On April 16, the Apple II is introduced at the first West Coast Computer Faire.

1980 - In May, the Apple III is released, competing with IBM and Microsoft in business computing.

1982 - Jobs, who started working on the Apple Lisa two years before, is pushed out of the development team because of in-fighting; he takes over the low-cost Macintosh project from Jef Raskin.

1983 - The Lisa team wins the development race, releasing the Lisa as the first personal computer sold to the public with a graphic user interface (GUI). Its high price and limited software doomed Lisa to commercial failure.

1984 - On January 22, Apple launches the Macintosh with the now-famous “1984” ad, shown during Super Bowl XVIII. Strong sales--a result, it’s now known, of the availability of the Apple LaserWriter printer and PageMaker desktop publishing software--lead the company to go public on September 7.

1985 - After in-fighting develops between Jobs and Apple Computer CEO John Sculley, Jobs resigns from Apple and founds NeXT Inc.

1991 - Apple introduces the PowerBook portable computer and the upgraded operating system known as System 7, which, with its enhanced networking capabilities and colorful interface, remained the architectural basis for the Mac OS until 2001. The company’s revenue was significantly increased with the success of the PowerBook and other products.

1994 - Apple joins forces with IBM and Motorola to create the PowerPC Reference Platform.

1997 - Apple CEO Gil Amelio decides to purchase NeXT and bring Jobs back to Apple as an advisor. On July 9, Amelio is ousted, and Jobs becomes interim CEO. At Macworld Expo, Jobs announces that Microsoft will release new versions of its Office suite for the Mac.

1998 - Apple introduces the all-in-one iMac, designed by Jonathan Ive. With sales of almost 800,000 units in the first five months, the iMac put Apple in the black for the first time since 1993.

2001 - Apple announced Mac OS X, based on NeXT’s OPENSTEP and BSD Unix. In May, Apple opened the first Apple retail stores in Virginia and California. That fall, Apple released the iPod portable music player.

2003 - The iTunes Store opens up online.

2006 - At the WWDC in June, Apple announces it will integrate Intel processors into Macs.

2007 - At the Mac Expo keynote in January, Apple announces that it has dropped “Computer” from its name. Oh, yeah, and it announces the iPhone and releases the Apple TV. In May, Apple’s share price surpasses $100.

2008 - On July 11, Apple launches the App Store in iTunes, which sells apps for the iPhone and iPod touch. On December 16, Apple announces that 2009 will be its last year exhibiting at Mac Expo.

2009 - On January 14, Jobs tells Apple employees in an email that he will take a medical leave of absence through the end of June to concentrate on recovering from a hormone imbalance and try to step out of the media spotlight for a time.

1. It’s designed to make it faster and easier to get computing tasks done. This is mostly thanks to its “plain English” approach, especially compared to Windows, which has a legacy of being built by engineers for engineers and is, as a result, less intuitive for the everyday nontechnical user.

2. OS X makes it easier to find out about your computer. (For example, to find out key info about your Mac, such as which version of OS X you’re running, system specs, and so on, select Apple Menu > About This Mac. If you need to know your Mac’s IP address, go to System Preferences > Network and the info you’re looking for will appear.)

3. OS X is more secure than Windows. Yes, we know it’s because until recently, Macs were so much less common than Windows PCs that hackers didn’t bother writing viruses and malware for OS X, and there were fewer pieces of Mac software out there in which to exploit vulnerabilities. But there are more Macs out there than ever, and the number of Windows threats grows daily. To date, there are still no known widespread viruses or Trojan horse attacks aimed specifically at OS X.

4. The Mac OS is just prettier than Windows. Does that sound petty? To some, we’re sure it does, but to anyone who would mock, we say, “Stuff it.” How’s that for petty?

We’re not talking about Command-Z for undo, Command-C for copy, and Command-V for paste--although we’ve practically worn out the Z, P, and V keys, we use those combos so often, and we’re always surprised at how many people don’t know about those easy-peasy ones. No, here are the must-know, tattoo-them-on your-knuckles OS X keyboard shortcuts. And while we’re at it, here’s a quick cheat sheet for deciphering the symbols on keyboard shortcuts lists you find online or in software user manuals and pull-down menus.

GUIDE TO KEYBOARD SYMBOLS

KEY	WHAT IT DOES
⌘	Command (sometimes referred to as the “Apple key”)
⌥	Option
⇧	Shift
⌃	Control
⎋	Escape

TOP 6 HANDIEST OS X KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

KEY COMBO	WHAT IT DOES
Command-H	Hides current app window (doesn’t work in all apps, particularly Adobe apps, which often use a different key combo for Hide, but it works in all Apple software and many other popular apps).
Command-Shift-3	Snaps a screenshot of the entire screen.
Command-Shift-4	Brings up crosshairs so you can draw a box around just the part of the screen you want to capture. (If you press Tab or Space after Command-Shift-4, then click on the window, you’ll get a clean shot of just that window, and nothing else.)
Command-Tab	Lets you tab through open applications to choose another app to switch to.
Command-Spacebar	Opens the Spotlight field without having to click its icon in the menubar.
Command-Option-Escape	Lets you force-quit a misbehaving or stalled app.

OS X’s command-line utility is called the Terminal. It can be a powerful tool for customizing the way your Mac behaves. Tinkering with the Terminal without a bit of background info isn’t advisable; heed our warnings in our “25 Terminal Tips Every Mac User Should Know” before trying out these basic commands. To launch the Terminal, go to /Applications/Utilities/Terminal, and execute by pressing Return.

FIVE TERMINAL COMMANDS EVERY MAC GEEK SHOULD KNOW

KEY	WHAT IT DOES
defaults write com.apple.screencapture type JPG	Changes the default OS X screen-capture format from PNG to JPG (you can also use GIF or PDF, if you prefer one of those formats).
defaults write com.apple.dashboard mcx-disabled -boolean YES then execute: killall Dock	Disables the Dashboard.
diskutil secureErase freespace 3 /Volumes/name-of-drive	Securely erases data on the free space of a Mac hard drive called Macintosh HD (you would replace name-of-drive with the name of the drive you wish to erase, of course).
defaults write com.apple.Safari TargetedClicksCreateTabs –bool TRUE	Makes all links in Safari open as separate tabs, not separate windows.
defaults write com.apple.mail PreferPlainText –bool TRUE	Forces Mail to display all messages as plain text.

You probably didn’t know you could change these options, but you can.

Apple tried its best to give us the most useful set of icons in various iPhone menus, but there are also more ways to customize them than you might think. In the case of the icons that appear at the bottom of the screen when you tap iPod from the Home screen, you can change the default icons (Playlists, Artists, Songs, Videos) if you want to. Tap More, then tap Edit. On the resulting Configure screen, you can select an icon from the middle, hold your finger on it for a moment, and drag it down to the bottom to replace one of the defaults. If you like to separate your music collection by genre, for example, move Genres down to replace one of the defaults. Or if you’re a big audiobook listener, put Audiobooks at the bottom instead of Playlists. Tap Done when you’re through.

When a contact has two phone numbers, you’ll get your choice of which to text.

Favorites and Recents are handy for quickly placing phone calls to people in your Favorites and Recents lists, but you can also text too. If you’re not already in the phone feature, press the Home button and tap the phone icon. Tap either Favorites or Recents. To text someone in either list, tap the blue right-arrow-in-a-circle icon next to their name or number and on the Info screen tap Text Message. If a contact in your Favorites has more than one number associated with it, you’ll get a choice of which number to use for the text message.

Mac OS X uses a subsystem based on a Unix-style OS that uses permissions in its file system. Every file and folder on your hard drive has an associated set of permissions that determines who can read, write to, or execute it. Sometimes these permissions get jumbled and cause permissions errors, but there’s an easy way in Leopard to check your permissions and make necessary repairs to them. Disk utility’s Repair Disk Permissions feature verifies and—if necessary—repairs the permissions on Apple-originated files and folders, specifically Mac OS X system-related objects and Apple apps that come with OS X. Repair Disk Permissions only verifies and repairs the permissions of Apple-originated objects whose receipts are in the /Library/Receipts directory. This means that Repair Disk Permissions will not correct permissions problems in third-party software or anything in the Macintosh HD/Users folder, such as your Home folder and its contents.

The permissions repair process may take a few minutes. When it’s done you’ll get a report that might look a little like this.

To repair permissions, go to /Applications/Utilities and launch Disk Utility. Under the First Aid tab, select your hard drive on the left and click Repair Disk Permissions.

Get the full 411 on your Mac with two clicks.

Super Mac geeks may scoff at this, but anyone who’s never needed to find this on a Mac--especially switchers who might have tried to uncover this info on their Windows PC to no avail—will be delighted how easy it is. To find out what version of OS X you’re running, as well as your Mac’s processor speed, amount and type of RAM, simply go to Apple > About This Mac.

Spotlight is even smarter in Leopard than you thought! It can solve math problems too.

Attention, all English majors! The Calculator isn’t the fastest way your Mac can do basic math for you. If you waste time hunting for the Calculator in /Applications/Utilities, or even if you finally put the Calculator in your Dock, you needn’t have because Spotlight can do calculations for you, as long as you have OS X Leopard. All you need to remember is that * is multiplication, / (forward slash) is division, and + and – mean what they should. The next time you need to know what 589 + 785 is, press Command-Space to bring up Spotlight, type 589 + 785, and press Return.

The Finder has a lot going for it, especially compared to Explorer in Windows. But we find Finder’s quick-and-dirty key commands the most useful, particularly Command-I, which, when pressed when a file or app in the Finder is highlighted, brings up the Inspector and shows you all the gory details, including the file or app’s type, size, where it’s saved on your hard drive, when it was created and last modified, and so on. If you’re looking at a list of files, you can also right-click the file name and choose Get Info. To bring up the Inspector in Quick Look, type Command-Option-I.

Acrobat Pro is a powerful tool, but you don’t need to spend $449 to own your own copy, since creating a PDF of any file is built right in to OS X.

Switchers will love this one: In OS X Leopard, making a PDF out of any document doesn’t require Adobe Acrobat. All you need to do is open the file you want to PDF and choose File > Print (or Command-P). In the printer field, click the up/down arrow to the right and select Adobe PDF.

A short, sweet dock is a beautiful thing. Note that your alias folder Dock item will take on the icon of the first item in the list, in our case, it’s Adium.

It’s best to leave applications in the Applications folder and generally use Mac OS X’s built-in organization, rather than moving apps around so you can open them from, say, your Desktop—that’s what the Dock’s for, after all. But you can still keep most-used apps and files accessible by creating a folder of aliases and stashing it in your Dock. On your Desktop, create a new folder by right-clicking and choosing New Folder, or by pressing Shift-Command-N. Give it a name; we’re calling ours Most Used. Go to the place on your hard drive where your frequently used apps and docs live. For apps, that’s obviously the Applications folder. Find your most-used apps in the list and right-click each, then select Make Alias. The alias will appear directly below the original app. Drag the alias from the Finder window to the alias folder you created on your desktop. Do the same with frequently used files. When you’re done, drag your aliases folder onto your Dock (to the right of the separator between app icons and the Trash). Now if you really want to get tricky, you can remove all of the duplicates in your Dock (by dragging each one off or right-clicking each one and choosing Remove from Dock), leaving just your alias folder and anything else that’s there by default (open apps most likely)—freeing up a nice chunk of Dock real estate (see also #20, “the Dock Is Cool, But It Ain’t Perfect,” for more Dock customization tips).

It looks like a bunch of gobbledygook to normal people, but your IT dude could find some dirty laundry lurking here, unless you purge Safari’s cache in the Terminal.

If you think that checking Private Browsing in Safari’s preferences actually keeps the websites you visit private, think again. Anyone--your boss or IT guy included--can see exactly where you’re surfing by executing the following Terminal command: dscacheutil -cachedump -entries Host

To purge Safari’s cache for real, execute this Terminal command: dscacheutil -flushcache

Other World Computing makes beefing up your Mac’s memory as easy as possible—just short of bringing you a cold beer after you’re done, to toast your Mac’s new memory bump. Most fairly recent Macs—except the MacBook Air, whose RAM is soldered to the motherboard—make it easy to add more RAM yourself. And OWC has how-to tutorials and videos to get you going—as well as some of the most affordable prices on Mac memory that we’ve found.

Here we present the steps for adding more RAM to an Intel Core 2 Duo MacBook Pro with only 2GB of RAM, but OWC sells RAM for many Mac models and provides DIY installation info, including video how-tos in some cases—on its site at www.macsales
.com/memory. There are also excellent DIY upgrade resources at www.everymac.com.

To install more RAM in an Intel Core 2 Duo MacBook Pro, you will need a #0 magnetized Phillips screwdriver, a non-marring work surface (spreading a clean towel on a desk or table works fine), and a tool called a spudger or, in Apple parlance, a “black stick”; these are available for $2.95 at iFixit. Most RAM installation manuals will tell you to also use an ESD wrist strap or mat to avoid damaging sensitive internal components with electrostatic charges, but you can touch any metal, grounded appliance while it’s plugged in to remove any static electricity in your fingers before getting started.

FOLLOW THESE STEPS:

Grab your specs. Those are some tiny screws.

1. If you’ve used the notebook recently and it’s still warm, let it cool down before you get started. Remove the MacBook Pro’s battery and turn the machine over so the battery side is face up. Remove the three screws from the memory door.

Here’s what RAM looks like.

2. Remove the memory door to expose the existing memory modules.

Use your thumbs to spread the tiny metal tabs to remove the RAM.

3. To remove each memory module, carefully spread the two locking tabs for the slot (top or bottom) away from the card on both sides and allow the card to pop up slightly.

4. Pull the card straight back and out of the memory slot

Slide the new RAM in until it clicks.

5. To install a memory card, insert the card at a 25-degree angle behind the locking tabs of the top slot. Firmly push the card straight into the slot until it is fully and securely seated along its length. If the back of the card drops down before it is fully seated, raise it up enough to push it fully into the slot.

NOTE: If installing two cards, install into the bottom slot first. When finished installing memory into the bottom slot, use your spudger, leveraged against the frame to push the back of the card toward the slot, to verify that the card is firmly seated. Align the notch in the memory card with the tooth in the slot before inserting.

6. When the card is fully seated, push it straight down until the tabs click onto both sides of the card, locking it into place.

You’ll hear a click when you slide in the RAM, but use your black stick to be sure it’s in.

7. To ensure that the memory cards are seated securely, for the lower card, use a black stick leveraged against the frame to evenly push along the back of the card.

When your iPhone or iPod touch crashes or locks up, you need to reset it. To do this it, hold the Sleep/Wake button at the top right of the device and the Home button at the same time. Hold both buttons until you see the screen go black and the white Apple logo appear. When this happens, you can let go: The device is rebooting.

To reset an iPod with a clickwheel, press and hold the Menu and center buttons at the same time until the Apple logo appears, usually in 6 to 8 seconds.

You can return to a saved email draft on your iPhone at your leisure--just as you can in Mail on your Mac.

To save a message as a draft that you can come back to later for revisions or to send once you return to a Wi-Fi or 3G zone, tap Cancel as you’re drafting the email. Then tap Save. After a few minutes, you will be able to locate the message in a Drafts folder.

Once Apple’s syncing service worked through its kinks, it turned out to be quite reliable—and useful for keeping all of your info synced across your computers, iPhones, and so on. But if $99 a year seems like a lot to pay, check it out on Amazon.com, where it sells for $79.99. If you’re comfortable buying on eBay, there are amazing MobileMe discounts to be had. We found NIB (new in box) individual-user copies for as low as $45 and family Packs for as low as $74.99 (it normally costs $149).

Ah, the geekiest of Mac geek knowledge—how to play a game in OS X’s text-only command-line utility. But, yes, it’s possible. Here’s how:

1. Launch Terminal.
2. Type emacs and press Return.
3. Press Escape, then type x.
4. Type tetris. That’s all there is to it.

OK, the graphics won’t impress, but if you’re really hurting for something to do…

Go to System Preferences > Desktop & Screen Saver and under the Desktop tab, select Pictures, then check Change picture and select your desired interval.

Most Leopard users have their favorite Desktop backgrounds. Steve Jobs seemed to always prefer the Dew Drop image, while Phil Schiller rocked Aurora during his first keynote. But you don’t have to limit yourself to just one—and you don’t have to stick to Apple’s provided images. We like to use our Desktop as a kind of digital picture frame/slide show by setting our Desktop & Screen Saver System Preference to look in our Pictures folder and cycle through the images therein.

Here’s how to optimize Leopard’s Dock to save time and take better advantage of Leopard’s Stacks feature.

To tell the Dock to only show certain items in the Recent Items stack, Control-click it and choose your poison.

ADD A RECENT ITEMS STACK

This stack comes in handy if you work in certain apps or docs in extended spurts rather than daily.

1. Fire up the Terminal.

2. Type defaults write com.apple.dock persistent-others -array-add ‘{ “tile-data” = { “list-type” = 1; }; “tile-type” = “recents-tile”; }’ and press Return. Type killall Dock and press Return.

3. When the Dock restarts, Control-click the Recents stack and select what you want.

Can you see me now? Zoom in to get a closer look at Dock icons by pressing Control-Shift.

GET A CLOSER LOOK AT DOCK ICONS

You already know that you can set the dock magnification in System Preferences > Dock, but if you normally keep your Dock icons pretty small to avoid eating up screen real estate, you can magnify them on the fly by pressing Shift-Control while mousing over them.

One of Adium’s handiest features is the transcript viewer, which lets you view transcripts from all of your recent chats--especially handy for documenting business communications via IM.

ADIUM

The only thing iChat beats Adium on, in terms of features, is its ability to do both audio and video chat, in addition to text chat. That said, Adium kicks iChat’s booty by offering the following features that iChat lacks or lags on:

>   Ability to log in to multiple IM accounts (AIM, GoogleTalk, Yahoo, and so on) simultaneously.

>   More flexible status management.

>   Much more customizable interface.

>   Growl support (Growl lets Mac OS X applications unobtrusively notify you when certain events occur; see
growl.info for details).

If you click the small arrow to the left of Firefox’s Search field, you can choose which search sites will appear by selecting the ones you want from the list or viewing more choices by clicking Get More Search Engines.

FIREFOX 3

Safari is OK as browsers go...but OK doesn’t cut it for Web browsers these days, considering how much time the average person spends online. Here are the reasons we cite when we go to the mat for Firefox over Safari:

>   ADD-ONS: Our favorite Firefox add-ons are Read It Later, LeechBlock, Delicious, and Toodledo, just to name a few. Go to Tools > Add-Ons and click Get Add-ons to discover your own must-haves.

>   BETTER SEARCHING: Sure, Safari has the Google search box up in the toolbar, but Firefox’s seemingly identical search box is a lot more powerful. Click the tiny arrow next to the Google icon to search other sites instead—Wikipedia, Amazon, IMDb, and tons more. Click Manage Search Engines to customize the list.

>   BETTER BOOKMARKING: Safari lets you name your bookmarks and decide where to keep them. Firefox lets you do that, plus add tags, keywords, and descriptions to help you find your bookmarks quickly or even launch them by just typing the keyword into the address bar.

>   SMART ADDRESS BAR: When you type something in Firefox’s Smart Address Bar, the app generates a list of possible results based on your history and bookmarks, and you can use the arrows to select one and press Return to launch it. This keeps you from having to click on your Bookmarks or History list to find sites.

>   MASTER PASSWORD: This keeps your saved passwords under another layer of security by requiring you to enter a master password once per session. Find it in Firefox > Preferences > Security > Use A Master Password.

Since Safari and Firefox both support FTP, you might just be tempted to upload and download files from your own FTP server using your browser of choice. To that we say, “Don’t do it!” FTP file transfers are much more reliable using a dedicated FTP app. There are a variety of freeware and shareware FTP apps for the Mac, but we’ve always been partial to Cyberduck. And now the smarties over at MacTips.org (www.mactips.org) have confirmed our choice by offering several reasons Cyberduck rocks:

> You can upload files to your FTP server via a handy Dashboard widget.

> Cyberduck has AppleScript support.

> In Preferences> Bandwidth, you can set the maximum bandwidth Cyberduck can use at any time. You can also limit bandwidth at the transfer level by pressing Command-T and limit the maximum number of connections to your FTP server in Preferences > Connection.

> Cyberduck lets you to edit a text file remotely as if it were stored on your local disk. Just Control-Click the file, select Edit With, then choose your text editor.

For more reasons to use Cyberduck, see Mactips.

We’re cheapskates—or should we say, careful with our money? We present two affordable ways to create ringtones for your iPhone with songs that are already in your iTunes library. The first uses GarageBand ‘09, which you might have on your Mac if you bought it very recently, as part of the iLife creativity suite. The second requires QuickTime Pro.

MAKE A RINGTONE IN GARAGEBAND ‘09

1. Be sure you have a song that is not protected by DRM (digital rights management) that you can use for your ringtone. The easiest way to do this is to import a song from a music CD into iTunes by inserting the disc into your Mac’s optical drive and clicking Import when iTunes asks if you’d like to import it. If you really want to use a DRM-protected song you bought from the iTunes store, you can burn it to a CD as an audio file in iTunes (create a playlist by pressing Command-N and dragging it to the new playlist, select the playlist and then click Burn Disc). You can do this in fewer steps using Rogue Amoeba’s Audio Hijack Pro ($32).

The icon to the left of the LCD in the bottom center is the metronome. Change its units of measure to Time by clicking it and selecting Time.

2. Launch GarageBand and press Command-N to create a new project. Select iPhone Ringtone in the sidebar of the new file dialog, click Choose, and name your ringtone. To get your desired song file into the project window, click the Media Browser icon in the bottom-right of the GarageBand window to view your iTunes library. Select the song you just imported from a CD and drag it to the project window. Or, if you’re using an iTunes song that you burned to a disc, put the disc into your CD drive, double-click the CD icon on your Desktop and drag the song from the Finder onto the center portion of the GarageBand workspace. Change the ruler display at the top to show seconds by clicking the metronome icon in the LCD at the bottom and choose Time from the pop-up options. This will make it easier to see where you want to start and stop your ringtone, which can be no longer than 40 seconds.

We only made the cycle region for Coldplay’s “Viva La Vida” 23 seconds because we just wanted that much of the song.

3. To create a cycle region that’s no longer than 40 seconds, drag the length of the yellow ruler at the top, so it’s shorter than 40 seconds. To make it easier to see that far to the right, click the eye icon in the lower-right to hide the loops and media viewers. Click the |< icon (back-to-the-beginning button) to go to the beginning of the song and listen to it, so you can tell if you like how the cycle region falls. If not, make adjustments as necessary. To start the ringtone in the middle of the song, position the mouse at the beginning of the loop (far left) until you see an icon that looks like a left arrow and a right arrow with an open bracket in the middle. Click and drag to “cut” the song, so it starts where you want it to (it helps to move the playhead to that point, so you can use the red line as a guide for where to stop dragging). Press Play to listen to it to make sure you like how it falls. If you cut off too much, press Command–Z and start over.

4. When you’re happy with your ringtone, save it and choose Share > Send Ringtone to iTunes. Once it’s done converting, iTunes will launch and start playing your new ringtone. Sync your iPhone with iTunes to get the ringtone onto your phone.

MAKE A RINGTONE IN QUICKTIME PRO

It costs $29.99 to upgrade to QuickTime Pro from the free QuickTime Player (www.apple.com/quicktime), but you can accomplish the same results for free using Audacity (audacity.sourceforge.net).

1. In QuickTime Pro, go to File > Open and pick an audio file. As with GarageBand, don’t use a DRM-protected audio file.

2. Slide the sliders (below the line that shows your track’s progress) around the section of the audio you want to use as your ringtone. This isn’t as precise as doing it in GarageBand—it can help to make the QuickTime Player window really, really wide, so you get a little finer control.

3. When you’ve got your 30 seconds or so of music selected, press Command-C or go to Edit > Copy to copy that section to the clipboard. Press Command-N or go to File > New Player to open a new QuickTime window and press Command-V to paste in your audio clip.

The key to converting your selection to the proper ringtone format is to save it as an .m4r file.

4. Press Command-E (or go to File > Export) to export the file to your Desktop as RINGTONE-NAME.m4r, replacing RINGTONE-NAME with whatever you want to call it.

5. Double-click your new ringtone in the Finder to import it to iTunes, and then sync it to your phone.

If your Command-H trigger fingers are getting sore from all that window hiding--or if you’re just stuck with too many apps and docs to work with and too small a monitor, you can set the Dock to hide all windows except the app window you want by executing this Terminal command: defaults write com.apple.dock single-app -bool TRUE. Press Return, then type killall Dock.

Now every time you click an app icon in the Dock, it will open the most recent window used in that app and hide all other windows until you call them forth. The other way to accomplish this is to press Command-Option while clicking an app icon in the Dock.

Can’t recall what key presses do what on your Mac? The Keyboard & Mouse > Keyboard Shortcuts System Preference reveals all.

We provided a short list of our favorite OS X shortcuts earlier, but you can totally personalize the key combos on your Mac if you want. Go to System Prefs > Keyboard & Mouse > Keyboard Shortcuts.

This System Preference is also useful for learning the existing shortcuts, as well as changing the ones you don’t use to something more memorable.

You get to choose what your keyboard modifiers do.

If you’re an accidental Caps Lock presser, you can disable that key to prevent yourself from accidentally turning it on as you type (Go to System Preferences > Keyboard & Mouse > Keyboard > Modifier Keys and set No Action For Caps Lock). In fact, you can disable or change the action of all the modifier keys--Control, Option, Command, and so on. If you’ve recently switched from a Windows PC to a Mac, you might want to disable the Control key, for example, until you get used to pressing Command instead--or you could change the Control key’s action to Command.

Out of the box, many of the multitouch gestures available on new trackpads built into the MacBook Air and the unibody MacBooks and MacBook Pros will only work with a limited number of applications. You can add this functionality to many more apps with help from MultiClutch (donationware).

Imagine changing tabs in Firefox with a three-finger swipe to the left. Or launching the spell checker in Mail or Microsoft Word with a three-finger swipe to the right. Or raising the volume of iTunes with a two-finger rotate to the right. Or zooming in on your photos in older versions of Photoshop with an outward pinch of your fingers. You get the idea. You’re going to love MultiClutch.

Relaunching the Finder comes in handy when a force-quit or some other gremlin hangs up your machine to the point where it just won’t budge. To do this, press, Option-Control-click on the Finder icon in the Dock, then choose Relaunch. Or just Option-right-click on the Finder icon if you have a two-button mouse.

Big Brother is always watching, but we can’t figure out why Apple insists on stamping each song we buy from the iTunes store with your name and email address. If that gives you the heebie-jeebies, you can strip that data—which, by the way, is only accessible with a bit of Terminal know-how—using a freebie app called Privatunes.

If you’ve got just a single Ethernet cable attached to one Mac and multiple Macs in your home or office, you can all get online if you share your Internet connection via the built-in AirPort card (MacBooks, late-model iMacs, and certain Mac Pros have this; Go to Apple > About This Mac to determine if your Mac’s got built-in AirPort. Go to System Preferences > Sharing. Select Internet Sharing. Change your options to share from Ethernet in the drop-down list and then click AirPort in the “To Computers Using” box. Click AirPort options to give your network a name and password. When you have everything the way you like it, turn Internet sharing on.

If you use the Apple Remote and have more than one Mac in a room, you can inadvertently control both Macs at once.

The fix is to pair your Apple Remote to just one Mac, so it will only control one machine. On the Mac you want to control, Go to System Preferences > Security > General. Click the Pair button. Now hold the remote a few inches from the IR port on your computer. On the remote, hold down the Menu and Next buttons at the same time. The computer will display the paired-remote graphic when it’s done pairing.

Mozy.com (free for up to 2GB) and Dropbox (free for up to 2GB) are two options for backing up your files online instead of to an external drive. If you use MobileMe, you can even have the included Backup app archive important files to your iDisk--just not anything too large, since your iDisk storage tops out at 20GB. (You can upgrade to 40GB for $49 a year or 60GB for $99 a year.)

Productivity whiz Merlin Mann--a true Mac geek--uses Path Finder ($39.95) instead of the Finder. It works like the Finder, but with more features: drawers for information about volumes and files, a handy Drop Stack area for corralling files, plus a built-in Terminal emulator, text editor, PDF viewer, and image converter.

Zapping your PRAM (parameter RAM) erases settings stored by the internal battery.

1. Shut down the computer, and locate the Command, Option, P, and R keys on the keyboard. We’re not being cheeky, but we want you to be prepared because you’ll need to hold these keys down simultaneously in step 3.

2. Turn on the computer.

3. Press and hold Command-Option-P-R. You must press this key combination before the gray screen appears.

4. Hold the keys down until the computer restarts and you hear the startup sound for the second time, then release the keys.

Let your feet do the walking after your fingers do the clicking.

In case you hadn’t noticed, Google Maps now offers biking or walking directions to a destination. In major cities, you can even get directions for taking public transit. To hoof it, in Google Maps, just click Walking when your directions come up. Mother Earth thanks you, by the way!

Sometimes it takes awhile for new podcasts to show up in the iTunes store. If you come across one you’d like to subscribe to, you can still subscribe even if it’s not yet on offer in the store. Copy the podcast feed to your clipboard (from a blog or whatever site you found it on). In iTunes, choose Advanced > Subscribe To Podcast, then paste in the podcast link.

You could use FileVault to store your top-secret data files, but there’s no need to bog down your system--FileVault is notoriously sluggish--when you can accomplish the same ends for specific files, such as tax returns, home-inventory lists, wedding vows, or anything else you want to keep under virtual lock and key. For these types of files, we like to create encrypted disk images (.dmg files), which is easy to do in Disk Utility.

1. Launch Disk Utility (/Applications/Utilities).

2. Choose File > New > Blank Disk Image and enter a name for your disk image in the Save As field. This name is used for the disk image (.dmg) file. Note the location specified in the Where pop-up menu. If you want to save the image file in a different location, change it.

3. Select a size for the image file from the Size pop-up menu. Choose a size appropriate for the disk’s needs. You can always create another one later if you need more space.

4. Choose 128-bit AES encryption from the Encryption drop-down.

5. Choose read/write disk image from the Image Format drop-down.

6. Click Create.

When you select a password for your disk image, Disk Utility tells you what it thinks of the password’s strength—that is, its crackability.

7. Enter and verify a good password in the dialog window that appears. This password will be saved in your Keychain by default, or you can deselect “Remember password (add to Keychain)” if you don’t want that.

8. Click OK.

Ever tried tapping “xoxo” to the end of a text to your BFF on the iPhone? You’ll notice the phone’s auto-correct feature selects “so” for the first “xo.” To keep the iPhone from trying to auto-correct any word, just add an extra letter or two, so it looks like a word that doesn’t exist—this will, in most cases, confuse it to the point where it won’t try to guess what you’re trying to say. Of course, remember that this workaround does not help the iPhone ”learn” words you use most, which is supposed to help you type faster.

Are you bugged by those bouncing Dock icons when an app wants to get your attention? You can Turn off that behavior for good with two simple Terminal commands:

defaults write com.apple.dock no-bouncing -bool TRUE

Press Return.

Type: killall Dock

If you don’t have an Intel Mac, you could also try Unsanity’s Dock Detox (free,).

And if you decide you want the bouncing back after you’ve run the above Terminal command, you can reverse it by executing: defaults write com.apple.dock no-bouncing -bool FALSE. Press Return. Type: killall Dock.

Filter any non-music items in your iTunes library by setting up a new music-only Smart Playlist.

If you’ve never played with Smart Playlists in iTunes, you’ll be delighted to discover that “smart” is no misnomer. Our two favorite ways to use Smart Playlists are for creating them on the fly just by clicking a few parameters. They save time by not forcing you to manually create playlists--and they let you filter out a variety of media that iTunes can track and keep updated, no matter how large your iTunes library gets.

The smartest Smart Playlists of all is one that contains only music. We’re sure that there’s way more than music in your iTunes library, and if you listen to music wearing headphones throughout the workday, creating a music-only Smart Playlist saves you fiddling with iTunes when you should be, well, working.

Your ears will thank you for keeping the tunes fresh.

To create a music-only Smart Playlist, press Option-Command-N or go to File > New Smart Playlist. Check the box next to “Match the following rules.” Now set up the “rules” governing your Smart Playlist by selecting a variety of characteristics that will filter just music into the playlist. For example, you want to eliminate podcasts, audiobooks, and movies, and you might even need to weed out a few specialized playlists or genres. After adding each new rule, click the plus symbol to add a new blank one. When you’re satisfied, check Live Updating, click OK, and name your new Smart Playlist in the sidebar.

Another cool Smart Playlist helps you keep your music selection fresh. All you do is create a new Smart Playlist and next to Last Played, set it to “is not in the last 1 weeks.”

iTunes is a smarter multitasker and media organizer than you might realize. It can help you manage all the PDFs on your Mac, with a few minutes of prep work on your part.

First, create a new iTunes library (launch iTunes while holding the Option key, then click Create Library) and get rid of all the music-related things. That includes deleting the default playlists iTunes creates and customizing the library display by removing the columns that are no longer pertinent. Just right-click in the column header and uncheck the label. Go to iTunes > Preferences and uncheck “Copy files to iTunes Music folder when adding to library” under the Advanced tab. That will leave the files where they are now rather than creating another copy of them in the ~/Music/iTunes/iTunes Music folder. While you’re at it, uncheck the display options under the General tab and check the Disable options under the Parental Control tab. That will eliminate the unnecessary options on the screen.

Now you’re ready to add PDF files to the library. Choose File > Add To Library, then Option-select your PDF files. Just like music tracks, they’ll show up in the iTunes library sorted alphabetically by name. It’s best to tag each file right when you add it to your Mac. One obvious way to tag a file is using the Genre column. Press Command-I (or right-click a file and select Get Info) and add your own description in the Genre field. We used the Genre field as a metatag (“Checks” or “Statements,” for example) and put additional description in the Comment field. There are no limits on how to reassign the fields in the Get Info window.

Now you have to choose between Smart Playlists and user-defined playlists. If you add good metadata to each file, the Smart Playlist is the logical choice. If you don’t feel like adding a lot of tags to your files, then create your own playlists and manually add files.

If you’re in the habit of using acronyms and abbreviations in emails and text messages on the iPhone, you might have noticed that it’s a bit of a pain on the iPhone’s keyboard since Shift only activates caps on one letter, then switches off. The solution is to enable Caps Lock in your iPhone’s Settings (Settings > General > Keyboard > Enable Caps Lock). Now, when you’re in the keyboard, you can double-tap the Shift key, it will turn blue, and caps lock stays on until you tap the Shift key again to turn it off...you know, just FYI.

You can use the Terminal command SSH to open a secure connection to another Mac pretty easily. Best of all, via SSH, it’s free, whereas Apple charges $499 for Apple Remote Desktop, its desktop management app.

First make sure that SSH log-ins are enabled on the remote Mac by opening System Preferences > Sharing. Check the box next to Remote Login, and the SSH service will activate.

To connect to that remote computer via SSH, open the Terminal on the local machine and execute this command: ssh -l username remote-address. Replace username with your username on the remote Mac and remote-address with the remote Mac’s IP address. (The remote IP address is listed in the remote machine’s Sharing pane when you click on Remote Login.) Press Return, and enter the remote username’s password at the prompt. SSH will connect you to the remote machine. (If you’re asked to add the remote machine to a list of known hosts, type Y for yes.)

Once you’re connected, you can execute any Terminal command remotely. Try this one, just for fun: say “Ouch. Don’t press the keys so hard.” This is especially amusing if you’re executing the remote command on a Mac in a nearby room, so you can witness the user’s reaction to the Mac “talking.”

Set the iPhone’s timer for however long you think you’ll need to drift off to dreamland, then choose Sleep iPod as the timer action, instead of a ringtone.

Obviously, you won’t apply this tip if you’re driving. But if you’re taking a long plane, train, or car ride and want your iPod to play for a set time so you can take a snooze--without taxing the phone’s battery after you’re snoring away--you can use the phone’s timer so that your music plays until the timer is up. Tap the Clock icon on the Home screen, tap Timer, and then tap When Timer Ends to see your choices. The first item on the list is Sleep iPod. Tap Set. Also remember: The iPhone’s timer is truly handy...it can help you remember to switch your laundry, take a roast out of the oven, or anything else that you’d use a kitchen timer for.

Tell your iPhone where you want to go with a double-press of the Home button.

It’s a wonder our iPhones’ Home buttons haven’t worn out from so much pressing--and here’s another trick that will get that button even more use: To set up your iPhone to go directly to a certain function menu with a double-press, tap Settings > General > Home Button. If you haven’t changed this setting, the default for a double-press on Home is to go to the Home screen, but you can change it to go to your iPhone Favorites or the iPod instead. You can also turn iPod Controls on or off here--If you select On, double-pressing Home while the iPod is playing media displays the iPod controls.

If you can’t get your machine to start at all—not even in Safe Mode—and you don’t have your system disk handy, you can start up in single-user mode and use fsck to set things right. fsck is a command-line utility similar to Disk Utility.

Reboot your Mac while holding down Command-S.

At the command-line prompt type: /sbin/fsck –fy. After fsck does its Unix magic you will see one of the following messages: ** The volume (name_of_volume) appears to be OK. If you see that, you’re golden. Or you might see: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED *****. If you see that, you need to run fsck repeatedly until you see the first message.

When you’re finished, at the command-line prompt, type: reboot.

Your Mac will restart now.

Trouble starting up? If your Mac won’t start up, try using Safe Boot. Safe Boot loads your Mac into Safe Mode and runs a series of utilities during startup.

Start up in Safe Mode by holding down the Shift key when you start or restart. After you’ve started your machine successfully, restart the machine in normal mode. Safe Mode disables many OS X features and shouldn’t be used for anything other than troubleshooting.

Introduced in OS X Tiger, Automator is like a personal assistant for busy Mac users. The standalone app, found in the Applications folder, can light a fire under your productivity by, well, automating certain repetitive tasks in most Mac apps. One smart way to get started with Automator is to locate freeware and shareware Automator actions on the Internet and download them. Google automator actions or go to Apple’s site to download them at www.apple.com/downloads/macosx/automator/.

Now, if you want to start by creating a very simple Automator action, try this. It’s an action we use to resize multiple images for posting on the Web or emailing. This action uses a combination of tasks in Finder and Preview to open images you have selected in a Finder window, copy them to a folder called Scaled Images, leaving the originals untouched, scaling each image so it’s 480 pixels wide and saving each scaled image with “_scaled” added to the end of its filename. Here’s how to build this workflow in Automator.

Sure, it’s only a four-step workflow, but our custom Scale Images action saves us hours every week.

1. Launch Automator. Select Files & Folders when asked to select a starting point to open a new workflow.

2. In the far left-hand (Actions) pane of the Automator window, under Library, select Files & Folders.

3. Select Get Selected Finder Items and drag it to the workflow area (where it says “Drag actions or files here to create your workflow”). This becomes Step 1 of your workflow.

4. Select Copy Finder Items from the right side of the Actions pane and drag it to the workflow area below step 1.

5. Since you want to copy the files as they are to a new folder on your Desktop called Scaled Images, under Copy Finder Items To, click the down arrow and select Other. Make sure Desktop is selected at the top of the Open dialog, click New Folder and create a folder called Scaled Images. Select that folder and click Open. Now step 2 in your workflow should say Copy Finder Items to Scaled Images.

6. Now is where the fun begins—can’t you feel it? On the left side of the Actions pane, select Photos, then look for the Preview icon on the right, followed by the words “Scale Images.” Select this and drag it to the workflow pane as step 3 of your workflow.

7. On the left side of the Actions pane, select Files & Folders again and then drag Rename Finder Items to the bottom of the workflow pane. A dialog pops up warning you that this action will change the names of the Finder items passed into it (duh), but you don’t want two copies of each file, so click Don’t Add. Rename Finder Items becomes step 4 of your workflow, but you’re not quite finished.

8. To add “_scaled” to the end of each scaled image’s file name, click the down arrow next to Add Date or Time and select Add Text. In the add field type _scaled and keep “after name” selected to the right. Finally, to test the workflow, open a Finder window with some images in it, select them, and in Automator, click Run. If the workflow runs smoothly, you can save it for future use. The easiest way to save a new Automator action is to save it as an application: File > Save As > Application, then name it. For fastest access, we plopped our Scale Images action into the Dock. Now whenever we have a group of images to scale for posting online, we just select them in a Finder window and drag them to that icon in the Dock. Alternatively, you can also save the Automator action as a Finder plug-in, so it can be accessed by right-clicking on a selection. To do this, choose File > Save As Plug-in.

True Mac geeks rely on a cadre of third-party apps for customizing OS X and working smarter and faster. Here are our essentials, no matter what kind of Mac geek you are. In our case, we use them all.

FOR PRODUCTIVITY GEEKS: Quicksilver (free beta)

FOR AUDIO GEEKS: Audio Hijack Pro ($32)

FOR MENU GEEKS: FruitMenu ($12)

FOR ICON GEEKS: CandyBar ($29)

FOR BACKUP GEEKS: Déjà Vu ($24.95)

FOR CLEAN-DESKTOP GEEKS: DragThing ($29)

There are some things you just can’t take back, like spilling a mug of hot tea on your Mac’s keyboard. But even these kinds of disasters usually have straightforward solutions—as long as you keep your wits about you. In the case of a Mac keyboard or an iPhone taking a soaking, for example, fast, calm reaction is what will save your bacon. For solutions to these and 17 major Mac and iPhone/iPod disasters, see www.maclife.com/article/feature/how_survive_17_worst_mac_disasters.

If you get bored by Terminal Tetris, you can play Snake instead.

Execute this Terminal command: emacs

Press Return, then press Escape-X.

At the prompt type: Snake.

Press Return.

Your goal is to eat the red rectangles while avoiding the walls.

25 Terminal Tips Every Mac User Should Know

Johnathon Williams — Thu, 11 Dec 2008 12:40:29 -0600

From customizing your Mac’s secret system preferences to remotely controlling another Mac or manipulating text files in a handful of sly ways, the terminal utility is more than just a Mac geek’s home base. It’s a place where, with a few expert tricks, all Mac users can feel right at home.

If there’s a more neglected or misunderstood Mac utility than the Terminal, OS X’s built-in command-line app, we’ve yet to find it. In an age where Apple’s $200 smart phone offers the most intuitive graphical user interface the world has ever seen, turning to a text-only command-line window can seem stubbornly retro, reminding us of audiophiles who vociferously insist that vinyl records sound better than music CDs. But there are plenty of reasons for using the command line beyond mere nostalgia: speed, flexibility, and familiarity with OS fundamentals, to name a few. We’ve collected 25 Terminal-based solutions for common desktop issues, because knowing these tricks is an invaluable addition to any Mac user’s toolbox. And while there is no reason to abandon the Finder, think of mastering the Terminal as learning to drive a car with a manual transmission—once you can drive a stick, you can drive anything.

The first thing to know about the Terminal is how to launch it, which you do by  going to \Applications\Utilities\Terminal. Also, you’re no longer in graphical user-interface land: Most of what you’ll do in the Terminal is enter specific text strings, then press Return to execute them. When you see generic references like name-of-file or path-to-file throughout this article, replace that text with your file name or path.

1. Handy Terminal Pointers

>    Only text commands are accepted--you won’t use your mouse much within the terminal, with a few exceptions.
>    Execute commands by pressing Return.
>    Every keystroke matters, including spaces and special symbols.
>    Interrupt any running command by pressing Control-Z.
>    Recall previously entered commands without retyping them by pressing the up arrow.
>    Curious about a new command? Type man name-of-the-command, then press Return to read its instruction manual. For instance, man SSH will produce the manual for SSH.
>    For a list of all commands available in the Terminal, hold down Escape, then press Y when prompted.
>    Page down through multipage results by pressing the space bar.
>    For commands that require the path to a file or folder, save yourself some typing by dragging and dropping the file or folder at the end of the command. The Terminal will automatically copy the dropped item’s path and name.

2. Know Your Way Around

By default, the Terminal targets your Home directory (folders are called directories in Terminal-speak). You can move to different directories by executing the command cd path-to-directory. If you get lost, type cd ~ to return to your Home directory. View a list of all files in the Terminal’s current directory by executing ls.

3. Anatomy Of A Terminal Command

Unlike the sentences you were forced to diagram in sophomore English, Terminal commands only have three parts: the command, which calls a specific command-line utility; the options, which modify the command’s output; and the argument, which is typically the website, file, or other resource that the command will be operating on.

4. Get Comfortable in Your Shell

The Terminal app is Apple’s implementation of a traditional Unix command-line environment, also called a shell. Keep in mind, though, that Unix shells come in many different flavors. OS 10.5 (Leopard), for instance, uses the Bash shell by default. If this article inspires you to Google even more command-line tricks, remember that some command-line utilities are shell-specific, meaning that what works in Tcsh on that helpful blogger’s Linux box might not work in Bash on your Mac.

When it comes to customizing the look and feel of your Mac, the options listed in System Preferences only scratch the surface. Hiding throughout the OS are dozens of hidden preferences that can only be changed through the defaults command. Too many exist to list them all here, so we’ve compiled our five favorites. Always remember to quit an application before modifying its defaults. You can reset any of these commands by replacing TRUE with FALSE and executing it again.

5. Make All Links In Safari Open As New Tabs

New windows, baaad. New tabs, gooood.

In general, Safari’s tab controls are wonderful, but one failing drives us crazy: Certain links are allowed to override your preference for opening new webpages in tabs, essentially forcing the application to open a new window. To prevent this in the future, execute this command: defaults write com.apple.Safari TargetedClicksCreateTabs -bool TRUE.

6. Force Mail To Display All Messages As Plain Text

Even those annoying bank statements appear in plain text, thanks to the magic of defaults.

Few things are more irritating than that office mate who just discovered how to make colored fonts and add funny graphics in his email program. With the exception of Mail’s attractive New Message templates, most heavily formatted messages are spam anyway, so make things easier on your eyes by forcing all messages to display as plain text by executing this command: defaults write com.apple.mail PreferPlainText -bool TRUE.

7. Show Hidden Files in The Finder

The names of hidden files always begin with a period--keep that in mind before you delete or edit a file that doesn’t look familiar.

Believe it or not, the files you see listed on your Desktop in the Finder do not represent all of the files contained in your Desktop folder. In almost every folder, the OS hides system files that Apple considers too important for the likes of us to mess with (or too mundane for us to be bothered with). Now and again, though, it’s useful to view these files. To see the full contents of all folders in the Finder, execute defaults write com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles TRUE.

8. Change The File Format For Screenshots

PNG, or portable network graphics, is a file format that offers high image quality and small file sizes, but may not be opened by all image-editing software.

OS 10.5 saves screen captures as PNG files by default, but it can save them in a variety of formats, including PDF, JPG, and GIF, to name a few. Switch to your preferred format by executing defaults write com.apple.screencapture type file-extension, replacing file-extension with the three-letter abbreviation for your chosen format. For instance, to change the default format to PDF, you’d execute defaults write com.apple.screencapture type PDF.

9. Disable the Dashboard

When the Dashboard appears on our Desktop, it’s usually because we missed the delete key and hit F12 instead.

We’ve always liked the Dashboard in theory--on occasion, we’ve even downloaded widgets for it. Unfortunately, we never get around to using them, and our aging Mac laptop could use the extra RAM to run real apps. If you’re in the same boat, free up some system memory by terminating the Dashboard with two quick Terminal commands. First, set its default to Off by executing defaults write com.apple.dashboard mcx-disabled -boolean YES. Second, kill and restart the Dashboard and Dock with this command: killall Dock.

Next Mac Security Terminal Style

The Unix command line is where many (if not most) of OS X’s security practices were born--and it’s still the place to go to lock down files, resolve system conflicts, and erase your tracks.

10. Compress And Password-protect A File or Folder

Password-protected archives can’t be expanded by the Finder, a limitation that adds another layer of hassle, er, security.

The Finder can make zip archives from files and folders in one click from the File menu or the contextual menu summoned with a Control-click. When security is an issue, the Terminal’s zip command supersedes that with its ability to encrypt archived files and folders. The encryption standard is relatively weak by military or industrial standards, but it should be more than enough to defeat a nosy boss or family member. To create an encrypted archive from a folder in the current directory, execute zip – re name-of-archive name-of-folder, replacing name-of-folder with the name of the folder you’d like to compress and name-of-archive with the name you’ve chosen for the zipped file. To retrieve the contents of an encrypted archive, execute unzip archive-file-name.

11. Fix File Permissions

When permission errors prevent you from accessing files or folders, chmod and chown can sort them out.

In a multiuser system such as OS X, file permissions ensure privacy and security. Now and again, though, they can cause problems, especially when different users are swapping things through a shared folder on the same machine. If the permissions controls in the File Info dialog fail to resolve a problem, chmod and chown are certain to.

Generally, chmod is used to assign role-based permissions for users other than the owner. To ensure that anyone can open and modify a file, execute sudo chmod 777 path-to-file, where path-to-file is replaced with the actual file path, which you can generate automatically by dragging a file from the Finder window into the Terminal window.

This assigns full permissions to anyone who uses that machine, which is bad for security but good for convenience. For more limited permissions, execute sudo chmod 644 path-to-file.

This allows anyone to access and open the file, but only the file’s owner can modify it. To modify permissions on a folder and all of its contents, add the -R option after the command name.

Chown, on the other hand, assigns ownership of a file to particular user. If a file you’ve copied from someone else’s account refuses you access, execute sudo chown your-short-user-name path-to-file.

12. Securely Erase Free Space On Your Dard Drive

Disk Utility’s 35-pass standard provides a high degree of security, but can take days to complete on larger drives.

It may sound strange, but deleted files aren’t actually deleted. Emptying the trash merely marks hard drive space as available, without actually removing the data that occupies it. When new data needs the space, it writes over the old data, but until then, anyone with the right software can still recover the original data--and sometimes even after.

Disk Utility offers a one-line Terminal command to scrub free space of existing data. Execute diskutil secureErase freespace 3 /Volumes/name-of-drive. The utility will write to each drive sector 35 times, using a special algorithm. Thirty-five passes is well above the U.S. Department of Defense’s own standard for erasing data, which requires only seven passes.

Be Careful With Sudo

Note that chmod, chown, and several other commands in this tutorial are running under sudo, which requires an administrator’s password before executing the proceeding command, because it executes commands as the administrator, overriding the system’s usual warnings and precautions. Be extremely cautious with this—if sudo tells the system to erase the entire hard drive, for example, the system will do it, no questions asked.

Next Remotely Control Another Mac

Terminal commands aren’t limited to the computer in front of you. One of their most practical applications is controlling other Macs through remote shell connections.

13. Establish A Secure Connection

SSH connections require less bandwidth and system resources than screen sharing.

SSH, or secure shell, opens a Terminal session on a remote machine, so all commands are then executed in the remote Terminal rather than the local one. The connection is encrypted, meaning none of the traffic passing between the two machines can be read if intercepted.

To get started, first make sure that SSH log-ins are enabled on the remote Mac by opening System Preferences and selecting the Sharing pane. Check the box next to Remote Login, and the SSH service will activate.

To connect to a remote computer via SSH, open the Terminal on the local machine and execute this command: ssh -l username remote-address.

Replace username with your username on the remote Mac and remote-address with the remote Mac’s IP address. (The remote IP address is listed in the remote machine’s Sharing pane when you click on Remote Login.) Press Return, and enter the remote username’s password at the prompt. SSH will connect you to the remote machine. (If you’re asked to add the remote machine to a list of known hosts, press Y for yes.)

Once you’re connected, you can execute any Terminal command remotely.

14. Freak Out Your Roommates

Your Mac’s reading voice won’t win an Oscar, but it’s plenty good for gags.

There are hundreds of useful remote commands, but let’s get you started with a good gag. If you know that someone else is using the remote computer, SSH into the machine, and execute say “Ouch. Don’t press the keys so hard.”

The remote machine’s default voice will read the statement over the speakers. This is even funnier if can do it from a laptop in the next room. (Please use this power responsibly. Impersonating deities or the Department of Homeland Security is bad form.)

Pranks aside, say can quickly create a machine-read audio book from a text file. Execute say -o savedaudio.aiff -f file-to-read.txt. Say will convert the file and save it as savedaudio.aiff in the Terminal’s current directory.

15. Troubleshoot A Remote Server’s Network Connection

Ping is a little like the Energizer Bunny: It keeps going and going. Press Command-Z to interrupt it.

Remote servers are great--until they stop responding. Then one of the first questions to answer is whether the entire machine has gone offline or whether a particular service (such as remote log-in) has stopped responding. To find out, execute ping remote-address. (For instance, to ping our home file server from work, we execute ping 72.204.20.186.) The utility will send a generic knock-knock to the server. If the server is still operating and attached to the network, ping will display each response, along with the time it took to receive it.

16. Copy Files Across A Secure Network connection

Be careful with syntax and argument order when using SCP. The longer the command, the easier it is to make a typo.

The next time you leave your jump drive at home, grab the files you need over the network with secure copy, or SCP, which piggybacks on SSH, so you’ll need Remote Login enabled on the remote machine. The syntax for this command can get a bit long--in addition to the remote machine’s address and log-in info, you’ll need the names and locations of the files you want to copy--but it’s well worth the effort if it saves your bacon for that big client presentation. Like SSH, SCP transfers data over an encrypted connection.

To copy a file from a remote machine, execute scp username@remote-address:path-to-file target-file.

For instance, to copy a file called rental_agreement.doc from our remote machine to a new file called agreement.doc on our local machine, we’d execute scp tandorra@10.0.1.5:/Users/tandorra/Desktop/rental_agreement.doc agreement.doc.

Obviously, the burden in this situation is knowing the exact location and name of the file before transferring it. Copying a file from your local machine to a remote one is a little easier. In that situation, we’d execute scp file-to-copy user@remote-address:path-to-new-saved-file.

In our example, we could also replace our originally copied file--agreement.doc--to the remote machine with this command: scp agreement.doc tandorra@10.0.1.5:/Users/tandorra/Desktop/agreement.doc.

17. Turn Off A Mac Remotely

Executing shutdown while someone else is in the middle of something important on the remote computer is mean, so use it with caution, OK?

If you need to turn off a Mac after leaving the house, SSH into the machine, and execute sudo -h shutdown now.

Next Manage and Adjust Text

If you like Spotlight, you’ll love grep, an old-school pattern-matching utility. Like Spotlight, grep searches the full contents of files. Unlike Spotlight, however, grep specializes in locating patterns, which makes it ideal for analyzing text documents. Meanwhile, diff, fmt, and textutil offer other ways to quickly compare, format, and manage text files.

18. Find Patterns In Text Docs

One of our favorite uses of grep is checking finished documents for words and phrases we use too frequently. For instance, we tend to overuse compound sentences joined by “but.” The following command tells us how many lines in article.txt contain the offending word: grep -ic but article.txt.

n this example, the i option tells grep to ignore case (counting both uppercase and lowercase instances), and the c option tells it to return only the number of matches, not all of the lines in which the search term appears. For details, execute man grep.

19. Compare The Differences Between Two Text Files

Management--there’s another word we use way too often.

Here’s one for writers and office workers who deal with a lot of document revisions. The next time you need to quickly compare the differences between two text files, execute diff -y name-of-first-file name-of-second-file.

The -y option tells diff to split the output into two columns, one for each file, so the differences can be seen more easily.

20. Combine And Normalize Text Files

We could combine and convert all these documents by hand, or we could execute a single command in the Terminal.

If you’ve ever been involved in a large research project, you know how cutting and pasting from lots of different sources can produce a Frankenstein-like collection of documents, with different line lengths and inconsistent spacing. Next time, combine and clean those docs with this command: fmt -sp filneme1 filename2 filename 3 > name-of-new-file.txt.

The command will force line lengths of 65 characters, and normalize tabs and spacing.

21. Combine And Convert Documents of All Type

Not everyone wants or needs a copy of Microsoft Word. Unfortunately, we all sometimes need to work with Word documents. Textutil can convert between Word, rich-text, and plain-text formats--and it can combine multiple documents, change fonts, and adjust font size while doing it. To convert and combine all Word documents in the current directory to a single rich-text document called combined.rtf, execute textutil -cat rtf -output combined.rtf *.doc.

Sometimes, of course, you only need to convert a single file. Use this command to do so while changing the font to 12pt Helvetica textutil -cat rtf -font Helvetica -fontsize 10 -output converted-file.rtf file-to-convert.doc.

Next OS X Tweaks

One of the reasons we use Macs is how self-sufficient OS X tends to be. Most of the time, system maintenance occurs in the background, and mundane tasks that do require user participation (backups, for instance) are made as painless as possible (thank you, Time Machine.) For those times when we want or need more system-level control, these are the Terminal commands to rely on.

22. Backup In A Snap

Rsync has far too many options to mention. Execute man rsync for the full list.

In any article about the Terminal, federal law requires us to mention rsync, the only backup utility you really need. Rsync can create full bootable backups of your entire hard drive or any combination of folders. On subsequent backups, it’s smart enough to copy only those files that have changed, saving a lot of time. Indeed, rsync is so powerful and flexible that many graphical backup utilities are little more than shiny wrappers that call rsync in the background.

To back up your entire Home folder, execute rsync -auE --progress ~ /Volumes/name-of-drive/name-of-backup-folder.

Replace the placeholders after the last two slashes with the name of your drive and backup folder, respectively. To back up your entire startup drive, run sudo rsync -auE --progress / /Volumes/name-of-drive/name-of-backup-folder.

23. Identify And Eliminate A Memory Hog

Take out your aggression on misbehaving processes with the kill command.

When sluggish performance slows your desktop to a crawl, a runaway application might be the culprit. Check CPU and memory usage in all open applications by executing top. The command returns a list of every running process our your Mac, along with its allocated resources. The CPU field is easy enough to interpret--any process using more than half is sure to slow others down. The memory fields are a bit more complicated but, in general, the bigger the numbers, the greater the drain on your system.

If the problem app is visible on the Desktop, quit it as you normally would, using Command-Q or, if that fails to respond, using Force Quit (Command-Option-Escape).

But if the culprit is a lower-lever utility that runs behind the scenes, you’ll need more Terminal magic to end its misadventures. Make note of the problem process’s number in the PID column, and execute sudo kill PID-number, replacing PID-number with the application’s actual number. The targeted process will terminate, freeing up its system resources.

Be extremely careful when killing background processes. Some are necessary for OS X to function. Ideally, you would only use kill if you were absolutely certain that a third-party background utility was slowing you down.

24. Find Free Space On All Your Hard Drives

You might find you have a lot more—or a lot less—free space on your drives than you thought.

At last count, our primary Mac was spread between three different hard drives--one internal for the OS and essential documents, and two externals for our photos, movies, and music. In this kind of setup, it can be difficult to know at a glance just how much free space you have left--and where, exactly, it is.

To see your free space, execute df -hl.

25. Snap superior screenshots

Forget OS X’s built-in Grab utility. Snap a picture of whatever’s displaying onscreen and select the image file’s format and name with one Terminal command.

If OS X’s default screenshot settings don’t meet your needs, you can assign image formats and file names for screenshots on the fly with screencapture, which lets you take shots of DVD Player (usually forbidden by the Finder at the insistence of the movie industry’s copyright lawyers). To create an instant, noiseless capture, execute screencapture -x -t jpg capture.jpg.

Replace jpg with the 3-digit abbreviation for your chosen file format (PDF, TIF, GIF, and PNG are also available) and capture.jpg is the name of the saved file.

Four Handy Command-Line Tricks on Mac OS X

Thomas Myer — Mon, 15 Sep 2008 12:19:41 -0500

Just like there are Mac people and PC people, there are GUI people and CLI (command line interface) people. GUI people use gestures, icons, and visual cues to get things done. CLI people build interfaces out of words—some of them made-up, quirky words that sound more like gastronomical noises then real commands.

Why use those funny commands at all when you’ve got a great GUI? Sometimes you just need to get under the hood, and the Mac’s Terminal lets you do just that. In this article, I’m going to show you four must-know commands that will introduce you to the power of the command line.

Opening Terminal

To access the command line, you need to open Terminal, which is stored under Applications > Utilities. When you open Terminal, you’ll see a command line prompt similar to the one in the figure below.

You type your commands at the blinking cursor. Ready to go? Let’s get started.

Where am I? The pwd command

To find out where you’re at, use pwd, which stands for “print working directory.” Type this command and press return and you’ll get back a full filesystem path of your current location. This way you’ll never be lost.

Macintosh:~ useracct$ pwd

/Users/useracct

As you can see above, I am currently in my home directory.

*Note: useracct will/should be replaced with your user account name.

Moving around with the cd command

You can move around with the cd (“change directory”) command. For example, to move to the desktop directory, you can type:

cd desktop

Running the pwd command confirms that I’m now in /Users/useracct/desktop:

Macintosh:desktop useracct$ pwd

/Users/useracct/desktop

By the way, if you were in some other part of the filesystem (say, /Applications and wanted to cd to your desktop, you could type either one of the following commands:

cd ~/desktop

cd /Users/useracct/desktop

In Mac OS X, the tilde (~) is shorthand for “my home directory”. It’s a nice shortcut to know, as it saves plenty of typing.

Listing files with the ls command

Once you’re in a directory, use the ls command to list out the files that are in it. Normally, when you run ls, you get a listing like this:

Macintosh: ~ useracct$ ls

file1.gif file5.doc

file2.jpg file6.html

file3.doc

You can get a lot more information by using the ls –l command (the ls command with the –l argument, and that’s the letter l not a number!). What you get is this:

Macintosh:desktop useracct$ ls -l

total 280

-rw-r--r-- 1 useracct useracct 78815 Jul 2 16:17 file1.gif

-rwx------@ 22 useracct useracct 748 Aug 20 14:45 file2.jpg

-rw-r--r--@ 1 useracct useracct 0 Sep 17 2007 file3.doc

-rwxr-xr-x@ 7 useracct useracct 238 Aug 19 16:25 file5.doc

-rw-r--r-- 1 useracct useracct 6553 Aug 19 16:27 file6.html

This display gives you the permissions for each file, along with owns the file, the file size, the date/time the file was last modified, and the file’s name.

Searching with the grep command

If you’re looking for a file that contains a certain word or phrase, you can use the grep (“global regular expression print”) command to do so. For example:

grep the *

will return any line that contains the string “the” in any file (*) of the current directory.

file6.html: What do we want them to do? (click, call, visit)

file6.html: The creative brief is where we discuss high-level strategy

Bonus: Combining Commands

These simple commands are all powerful in their own right, but they can also be combined with pipes. That’s because the output of any command can be redirected with the pipe character (“|”) to become the input for the next command.

For example, let’s say that you want a listing of all files in the current directory that were modified in August. Using a pipe, we combine the ls –l and grep commands, like so:

Macintosh:desktop useracct$ ls -l | grep "Aug"

-rwx------@ 22 useracct useracct 748 Aug 20 14:45 file2.jpg

-rwxr-xr-x@ 7 useracct useracct 238 Aug 19 16:25 file5.doc

-rw-r--r-- 1 useracct useracct 6553 Aug 19 16:27 file6.html

The ls –l command results in a list of files. The list of files is fed to the grep command, which matches any lines that contain the string Aug, then prints out any matches.